It has been over 50 years since the first cases of mpox, the disease formerly known as monkeypox, were discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mpox is related to smallpox, and causes symptoms similar to but milder than its once-feared relative, which was eradicated in 1980.

For decades, mpox outbreaks were self-limiting, resulting in a few hundred, perhaps a few thousand cases in regions that are endemic for the disease in West and Central Africa. However, in 2022, a global outbreak led to close to 100,000 cases worldwide, transmitted primarily among men who have sex with men, and through sexual contact. This was a departure for the virus, which until then was known to be largely transmitted from small mammals to humans in forested locales, with limited human-to-human spread by close physical contact.

A disease ignored by much of the world until then shot up the charts in the attention of public health officials everywhere, gaining notoriety among politicians and the general public, particularly the LGBTQ community. A vaccine for smallpox made by a small company in Denmark, Bavarian Nordic, was deployed rapidly in the United States and in other rich countries affected by the outbreak. Within a few months, shifts in behavior by gay men, and perhaps a little help from the vaccine, brought the outbreak under control, though cases erupt from time to time still in the United States and elsewhere.

But in September 2023, less than six months after the World Health Organization called the acute phase of that outbreak over, a new outbreak was starting in DRC. And it continued throughout the rest of the year into 2024, with now close to 20,000 cases reported and close to 1,000 deaths—all likely to be grossly underreported due to the weak health infrastructure in DRC and surrounding countries. The global outbreak in 2022–23, by contrast, caused only about 200 deaths, with the clade—or strain of virus—responsible for this new outbreak historically being thought of as more lethal than the 2022 variant. As of mid-August, two cases of this new strain have been reported globally, one in Sweden and another in Thailand.

The relative rapidity with which the international community responded to the 2022–23 outbreak stands in stark contrast to what has happened now with a severe outbreak roiling through Africa. It’s hard not to think that this has everything to do with who has been hit hardest; white people in high-income countries in 2022, black people in low-income countries in 2024. But in addition to the continuing colonial and racist forces at work in global health, it’s also important to realize that whether it’s Covid, H5N1, or mpox, there isn’t a lot of appetite for confronting public health problems until they are impossible to ignore—whether at home or abroad.

The expansion of the current mpox outbreak could have been stopped in its tracks, or at least blunted, if we took the requisite steps to protect the people of the DRC, such as a commitment to supplying vaccines and subsidizing the necessary infrastructure to get them to even remote corners of the country. This would not have been easy—but the alternative is what is before us today, another outbreak spreading regionally, with the potential for seeding a new global outbreak as well. Even now, as the outbreak is in full swing, vaccines, tests, treatment, and care are lacking on the ground.

Current Issue

April 2025 Issue

We can’t keep making the same mistakes over and over again and calling it progress. We are stuck in a failure loop, making screw-up after screw-up on infectious diseases, from Covid to bird flu and now with mpox, all in the span of a few years. But what we do abroad is a special kind of fuckery. Global health has moved from an explicit colonial project at its inception, to a Cold War realpolitik project in the mid-to-late 20th century, to a philanthrocapitalism project in our era, but it has never been about justice.

Over the past decade or so, there has been a movement to “decolonize” global health. What that means depends on whom you talk to, but it’s clear that relying on rich nations to “do the right thing” is a losing game. Low- and middle-income countries need the ability to chart their own future, which means having the resources to do so. In Africa, including the regions in which the current mpox outbreak is spreading, large chunks of health funding come from external sources, which are shrinking by the day.

How do you create a funding stream in these countries without a reliance on rich countries to foot the bill? One way is through taxation. According to a 2017 article, “up to $189 billion per year of tax revenues was lost—more than twice the $86 billion that OECD countries as a whole spend on overseas development assistance,” from tax evasion and avoidance by individuals and transnational corporations. We’ve got to radically reenvision how global health works and put all ideas on the table.

Depending on the kindness of strangers is not a sustainable global health strategy, and with Covid and now mpox, we know it’s a deadly one.